American Literature from Civil War to Present
LITR221 – American Literature from Civil War to Present
Submission Instructions: Your main discussion post should be substantive (at least 300 words). Use quotations to support your points, but make sure to balance them with your own original ideas. Please engage two of your classmates in their forum posts to help further our conversation, responses to classmates should be in at least 100-150 words each.
This Week’s reading:
Read one of the following pieces from “Other Perspectives” in American Literature Since the Civil War.
“The Wrysons” by John Cheever
“Going After Cacciato” by Tim O’Brien
“Somewhere for Everyone” by John Grisham
“Good Country People” by Flannery O’Connor
“Sonny’s Blues” by James Baldwin
“The Angel Esmerelda” by Don Delillo
Part I: Unlike many of our authors in this class, video footage of Truman Capote abounds. Find a video of him. Post the link in the forum, and tell us a little about your perception of him. How might he have fit in 1960s Kansas, and how might the cultural differences, for better or worse, affected his ability “to get the story”?
Part II: As Truman Capote got to know many of the characters involved in the story behind In Cold Blood, his depictions were undoubtedly influenced. Select one character from the movie that you believe was portrayed in a different light and discuss why you think this character was skewed. Keep in mind that there are a lot of possibilities to consider. Capote’s own feelings could influence the work, the character may be too distasteful (for a variety of reasons), or the exaggeration could simply make a better read. Since we are dealing with a film, the possibility is also there that the change translates better to film. You are welcome to investigate this possibility as well. Please support your ideas. In this assignment, you may want to read other reports of the crime or excerpts from the book.
Part III: Choose one of the literary pieces this week (found in the “Other Perspectives” section of your text). Tell us about the point of view. Do you get the feeling that you are hearing from someone within the society being represented, or are you seeing what an outsider sees? It could even be a mixture, but whatever your conclusion, you will need to support it with examples from the text.
Student Response #1 – Jared
Part I: Truman Capote was a very interesting character to say the least. He seems like a fun loving guy, but at the same time blunt and to the point. He also seems very compassionate about the work he does. However, I also got the impression from listening to him speak, he was a little full of himself. His personality suggest that he couldn’t be trusted either. Of course, this is just what I have perceived in viewing the short films presented over the internet. As far as him fitting into Kansas during the 1960’s, I don’t think this went over to well. The most obvious reasoning being his sexual orientation. This was a time when rights were being fought for African Americans, and were no different for the rights of Gays and Lesbians. Capote was also thought of as a liberal. I believe these definitely negatively affected his ability to “get the story”. FYI, his voice drove me crazy!
Part II: After reading a few excerpts from the story, as well as reviews, I would say that both of the main characters of the book, Richard Hickock and Perry Smith were greatly skewed. I say this, because some of the recounts of the occurrence were completely different and exaggerated from what actually took place. The reasoning for this, is undoubtedly the financial gain. This book raked in nearly 60 million bucks during the 1960s. This is an insane amount of money during this time. By doing so, this also may have made for a better read. However, I don’t agree with publishing things known to be false.
Part III: The literacy piece I chose to discuss is “Sonny’s Blues” by James Baldwin. This story depicts the life of a young heroin addict. Reading the story, I felt connected to the problems and issues that addicts face. I felt the story was very descriptive and as if I were looking in from the outside. I appreciated that the story was told from a family member who has to witness the destruction of his brother. This somehow made the story more believable and appealing to me.
Student Response #2 – Jonathan
Part I: My perception of Capote is a respectable one. I can relate to his early child hood as he paid attention and did well in the courses that interested him and more or less ignored the others. I did find it interesting that his mother sought to make him more manly by sending him to military school. I found this to be a testament of the times that his mother carried such interest. We later learn of Capote’s first writing to carry a homosexual theme at times. And we further understand that he was quit the gossip within social circles.
Truman’s personal culture may have affected his ability as a writer to get the story right. Truman, a good writer who was able to write within the confines of different genres, created his own celebrity before much material about himself even existed. He was quite the character indeed. Truman could be found in the company of the rich, the social elite and he fancied himself a popular addition within his exclusive clicks. So it should come as no surprise that when he ventured to Kansas to begin his work on the non-fiction title In Cold Blood, Truman struggled to connect with the small farm community to which he was communicating with. Despite the fact, Truman’s novel In Cold Blood, produced notoriety and wealth for the writer.
http://www.biography.com/people/truman-capote-9237547
Part II: Truman’s depiction of the characters and the events that unfolded during the crime that laid the foundation for his non-fiction title In Cold Blood are largely disputed. While no one denies the years of labor that Truman slaved or the countless notes taken by the author as he drudged through the murderous events, some do dispute the novels classification. The genre of non-fiction is the accounts of events believed to be factual. However, far too many individuals have spoken on behalf of Truman’s alleged story construction for the sake of the arts. In spite of the book making millions and receiving top honors in the literary world, critics have challenged the story’s authenticity.
There were several false claims made to the stories structure of scenes and changes in dialogue. The characters were also individually addressed as falsely depicted via Truman’s view. For example, Bonnie (Clutters wife) was communicated as a woman struggling with depression. This characteristic was disputed by Bonnie’s own living relatives. The one character that I personally believe was given a skewed character explanation was Smith. Smith was one of the two murderers involved in the Clutter’s families deaths. Upon further research of Smith I found that his character was explained as being intelligent and artistic. I believe that Truman’s exaggeration of a murderer made for a better read (It should also be considered that this is how Truman was described). In the theatrical art form such a character could leave the audience confused and looking for answers. I believe that Truman’s homosexual feelings that were alleged towards Smith affected the portrayal of this supposed non-fictional character.
Peele, Thomas. San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved December 22, 2104 from http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_22621968/new-documents-raise-more-doubts-about-credibility-truman
Part III: The point of view from John Grisham’s work Somewhere for Everyone is one of compassion. Grisham examines the often overlooked lifestyle of the homeless. Grisham’s examining point is that of a mixture. It is not a mixture, in the literal sense of this weeks question which states, “a point of view from a member within that society” but in my opinion it is recognizable as a mixed point of view because while Grisham is not homeless, he did attempt to understand their life via personal experience. Grisham explains his childhood experiences with the homeless, an unsettling personal experience with one particular homeless individual during Grisham’s adulthood and lastly he attempted to communicate with the homeless society citing a few purposeful personal encounters. Grisham explains the encounters as he cites, “I almost froze on a park bench one night as I tried to strike up a conversation with a homeless man who suspected I was from the IRS. I talked politics with a panhandler near the Capitol” (Grisham, 143). However, in the most literally sense of the question it is clearly communicated that Grisham’s view is that of an outsiders. As he states, “In the spring of ’97 my research took me into the world of the homeless. I made the two-hour drive from my comfortable home in the Virginia countryside to the streets of D.C.” (Grisham, 143).
The Wrysons
John Cheever
The Wrysons wanted things in the suburb of Shady Hill to remain exactly as they were. Their dread of change—of irregularity of any sort—was acute, and when the Larkin estate was sold for an old people’s rest home, the Wrysons went to the Village Council meeting and demanded to know what sort of old people these old people were going to be. The Wrysons’ civic activities were confined to upzoning, but they were very active in this field, and if you were invited to their house for cocktails, the chances were that you would be asked to sign an upzoning petition before you got away. This was something more than a natural desire to preserve the character of the community. They seemed to sense that there was a stranger at the gates— unwashed, tirelessly scheming, foreign, the father of disorderly children who would ruin their rose garden and depreciate their real-estate investment, a man with a beard, a garlic breath, and a book. The Wrysons took no part in the intellectual life of the community. There was hardly a book in their house, and, in a place where even cooks were known to have Picasso reproductions hanging above their washstands, the Wrysons’ taste in painting stopped at marine sunsets and bowls of flowers. Donald Wryson was a large man with thinning fair hair and the cheerful air of a bully, but he was a bully only in the defense of rectitude, class distinctions, and the orderly appearance of things. Irene Wryson was not a totally unattractive woman, but she was both shy and contentious—especially contentious on the subject of upzoning. They had one child, a little girl named Dolly, and they lived in a pleasant house on Alewives Lane, and they went in for gardening. This was another way of keeping up the appearance of things, and Donald Wryson was very critical of a neighbor who had ragged syringa bushes and a bare spot on her front lawn. They led a limited social life; they seemed to have no ambitions or needs in this direction, although at Christmas each year they sent out about six hundred cards. The preparation and addressing of these must have occupied their evenings for at least two weeks. Donald had a laugh like a jackass, and people who did not like him were careful not to sit in the same train coach with him. The Wrysons were stiff; they were inflexible. They seemed to experience not distaste but alarm when they found quack grass in their lawn or heard of a contemplated divorce among their neighbors. They were odd, of course. They were not as odd as poor, dizzy Flossie Dolmetch, who was caught forging drug prescriptions and was discovered to have been under the influence of morphine for three years. They were not as odd as Caruthers Mason, with his collection of two thousand lewd photographs, or as odd as Mrs. Temon, who, with those two lovely children in the next room—But why go on? They were odd.
Irene Wryson’s oddness centered on a dream. She dreamed once or twice a month that someone—some enemy or hapless American pilot—had exploded a hydrogen bomb. In the light of day, her dream was inadmissible, for she could not relate it to her garden, her interest in upzoning, or her comfortable way of life. She could not bring herself to tell her husband at breakfast that she had dreamed about the hydrogen bomb. Faced with the pleasant table and its view of the garden—faced even with rain and snow—she could not find it in herself to explain what had troubled her sleep. The dream cost her much in energy and composure, and often left her deeply depressed. Its sequence of events varied, but it usually went like this.
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The dream was set in Shady Hill—she dreamed that she woke in her own bed. Donald
was always gone. She was at once aware of the fact that the bomb had exploded. Mattress stuffing and a trickle of brown water were coming through a big hole in the ceiling. The sky was gray—lightless—although there were in the west a few threads of red light, like those charming vapor trails we see in the air after the sun has set. She didn’t know if these were vapor trails or some part of that force that would destroy the marrow in her bones. The gray air seemed final. The sky would never shine with light again. From her window she could see a river, and now, as she watched, boats began to come upstream. At first, there were only two or three. Then there were tens, and then there were hundreds. There were outboards, excursion boats, yachts, schooners with auxiliary motors; there were even rowboats. The number of boats grew until the water was covered with them, and the noise of motors rose to a loud din. The jockeying for position in this retreat up the river became aggressive and then savage. She saw men firing pistols at one another, and a row boat, in which there was a family with little children, smashed and sunk by a cruiser. She cried, in her dream, to see this inhumanity as the world was ending. She cried, and she went on watching, as if some truth was being revealed to her—as if she had always known this to be the human condition, as if she had always known the world to be dangerous and the comforts of her life in Shady Hill to be the merest palliative.
Then in her dream she turned away from the window and went through the bathroom that connected their room and Dolly’s. Her daughter was sleeping sweetly, and she woke her. At this point, her emotions were at their strongest. The force and purity of the love that she felt toward this fragrant child was an agony. She dressed the little girl and put a snowsuit on her and led her into the bathroom. She opened the medicine cabinet, the one place in the house that the Wrysons, in their passion for neatness, had not put in order. It was crowded with leftover medicines from Dolly’s trifling illnesses—cough syrups, calamine lotion for poison ivy, aspirin, and physics. And the mild perfume of these remnants and the tenderness she had felt for her daughter when she was ill—as if the door of the medicine cabinet had been a window opening onto some dazzling summer of the emotions—made her cry again. Among the bottles was one that said “Poison,’’ and she reached for this and unscrewed the top, and shook into her left hand a pill for herself and one for the girl. She told the trusting child some gentle lie, and was about to put the pill between her lips when the ceiling of the bathroom collapsed and they stood knee deep in plaster and dirty water. She groped around in the water for the poison, but it was lost, and the dream usually ended in this way. And how could she lean across the breakfast table and explain her pallor to her husky husband with this detailed vision of the end of the world? He would have laughed his jackass laugh.
Donald Wryson’s oddness could be traced easily enough to his childhood. He had been
raised in a small town in the Middle West that couldn’t have had much to recommend it, and his father, an old-fashioned commercial traveler, with a hot house rose in his buttonhole and buff-colored spats, had abandoned his wife and his son when the boy was young. Mrs. Wryson had few friends and no family. With her husband gone, she got a job as a clerk in an insurance office, and took up, with her son, a life of unmitigated melancholy and need. She never forgot the horror of her abandonment, and she leaned so heavily for support on her son that she seemed to threaten his animal spirits. Her life was a Calvary, as she often said, and the most she could do was to keep body and soul together.
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She had been young and fair and happy once, and the only way she had of evoking these lost times was by giving her son baking lessons. When the nights were long and cold and the wind whistled around the four-family house where they lived, she would light a fire in the kitchen range and drop an apple peel onto the stove lid for fragrance. Then Donald would put on an apron and scurry around, getting out the necessary bowls and pans, measuring out flour and sugar, separating eggs. He learned the contents of every cupboard. He knew where the spices and the sugar were kept, the nutmeats and the citron, and when the work was done, he enjoyed washing the bowls and pans and putting them back where they belonged. Donald loved these hours himself, mostly because they seemed to dispel the oppression that stood unlifted over those years of his mother’s life—and was there any reason why a lonely boy should rebel against the feeling of security that he found in the kitchen on a stormy night? She taught him how to make cookies and muffins and banana bread and, finally, a Lady Baltimore cake. It was sometimes after eleven o’clock when their work was done. “We do have a good time together, don’t we, son?’’ Mrs. Wryson would ask. “We have a lovely time together, don’t we, you and me? Oh, hear that wind howling! Think of the poor sailors at sea.’’ Then she would embrace him, she would run her fingers through his light hair, and sometimes, although he was much too big, she would draw him onto her lap.
All of that was long ago. Mrs. Wryson was dead, and when Donald stood at the edge of her grave he had not felt any very great grief. She had been reconciled to dying years before she did die, and her conversation had been full of gallant references to the grave. Years later, when Donald was living alone in New York, he had been overtaken suddenly, one spring evening, by a depression as keen as any in his adolescence. He did not drink, he did not enjoy books or movies or the theatre, and, like his mother, he had few friends. Searching desperately for some way to take himself out of this misery, he hit on the idea of baking a Lady Baltimore cake. He went out and bought the ingredients—deeply ashamed of himself —and sifted the flour and chopped the nuts and citron in the kitchen of the little walk-up apartment where he lived. As he stirred the cake batter, he felt his depression vanish. It was not until he had put the cake in the oven and sat down to wipe his hands on his apron that he realized how successful he had been in summoning the ghost of his mother and the sense of security he had experienced as a child in her kitchen on stormy nights. When the cake was done he iced it, ate a slice, and dumped the rest into the garbage.
The next time he felt troubled, he resisted the temptation to bake a cake, but he was not always able to do this, and during the eight or nine years he had been married to Irene he must have baked eight or nine cakes. He took extraordinary precautions, and she knew nothing of this. She believed him to be a complete stranger to the kitchen. And how could he at the breakfast table—all two hundred and sixteen pounds of him—explain that he looked sleepy because he had been up until three baking a Lady Baltimore cake, which he had hidden in the garage?
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Given these unpleasant facts, then, about these not attractive people, we can dispatch
them brightly enough, and who but Dolly would ever miss them? Donald Wryson, in his crusading zeal for upzoning, was out in all kinds of weather, and let’s say that one night, when he was returning from a referendum in an ice storm, his car skidded down Hill Street, struck the big elm at the corner, and was demolished. Finis. His poor widow, either through love or dependence, was inconsolable. Getting out of bed one morning, a month or so after the loss of her husband, she got her feet caught in the dust ruffle and fell and broke her hip. Weakened by a long convalescence, she contracted pneumonia and departed this life. This leaves us with Dolly to account for, and what a sad tale we can write for this little girl. During the months in which her parents’ will is in probate, she lives first on the charity and then on the forbearance of her neighbors. Finally, she is sent to live with her only relative, a cousin of her mother’s, who is a schoolteacher in Los Angeles. How many hundreds of nights will she cry herself to sleep in bewilderment and loneliness. How strange and cold the world will seem. There is little to remind her of her parents except at Christmas, when, forwarded from Shady Hill, will come Greetings from Mrs. Sallust Trevor, who has been living in Paris and does not know about the accident; Salutations from the Parkers, who live in Mexico and never did get their lists straight; Season’s Greetings from Meyers’ Drugstore; Merry Christmas from the Perry Browns; Santissimas from the Oak Tree Italian Restaurant; A Joyeux Noël from Dodie Smith. Year after year, it will be this little girl’s responsibility to throw into the waste basket these cheerful holiday greetings that have followed her parents to and beyond the grave. . . . But this did not happen, and if it had, it would have thrown no light on what we know.
What happened was this: Irene Wryson had her dream one night. When she woke, she saw that her husband was not in bed. The air smelled sweet. Sweating suddenly, the beating of her heart strained with terror, she realized that the end had come. What could that sweetness in the air be but atomic ash? She ran to the window, but the river was empty. Half asleep and feeling cruelly lost as she was, she was kept from waking Dolly only by a healthy curiosity. There was smoke in the hallway, but it was not the smoke of any common fire. The sweetness made her feel sure that this was lethal ash. Led on by the smell, she went on down the stairs and through the dining room into the lighted kitchen. Donald was asleep with his head on the table and the room was full of smoke. “Oh, my darling,’’ she cried, and woke him.
“I burned it,’’ he said when he saw the smoke pouring from the oven. “I burned the damned thing.’’
“I thought it was the hydrogen bomb,’’ she said.
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“It’s a cake,’’ he said. “I burned it. What made you think it was the hydrogen bomb?’’ “If you wanted something to eat, you should have waked me,’’ she said. She turned off the oven, and opened the window to let out the smell of smoke and let in
the smell of nicotiana and other night flowers. She may have hesitated for a moment, for what would the stranger at the gates—that intruder with his beard and his book—have made of this couple, in their nightclothes, in the smoke-filled kitchen at half past four in the morning? Some comprehension—perhaps momentary—of the complexity of life must have come to them, but it was only momentary. There were no further explanations. He threw the cake, which was burned to a cinder, into the garbage, and they turned out the lights and climbed the stairs, more mystified by life than ever, and more interested than ever in a good appearance.




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